Quality Statement

Label
Sector of landlord - 2023 Census: Information by concept en-NZ
Definition

Sector of landlord refers to the type of organisation or person from whom households rent or lease private occupied dwellings. It can be the private sector (private person, trust, or business) or the state sector (for example, Kāinga Ora, formerly Housing New Zealand).

A rented private dwelling is a dwelling that is not owned by the usual resident(s) and for which the usual resident(s) makes rent payments.

A leased private dwelling is a rented dwelling for which the owner has granted another person or group of people exclusive possession for an agreed period.

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Overall quality rating

High quality
Data quality processes section below has more detail on the rating.

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Priority level

Priority level 2
A priority level is assigned to all census concepts: priority 1, 2, or 3 (with 1 being highest and 3 being the lowest priority).
Sector of landlord is a priority 2 concept. Priority 2 concepts cover key subject populations that are important for policy development, evaluation, or monitoring. These concepts are given second priority in terms of quality, time, and resources across all phases of a census.
The census priority level for sector of landlord remains the same as 2018.
The 2023 Census: Final content report has more information on priority ratings for census concepts.

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Subject population

Households in rented occupied private dwellings
That is, households that do not own their home or have it in a family trust and pay rent.
‘Subject population’ means the people, families, households, or dwellings that the variable applies to.

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How this data is classified

Sector of landlord is classified into the following categories:

Census Sector of Landlord 2018 V2.1.0 – level 1 of 2

Code Category
1 Private person, trust, or business
2 Local authority or city council
3 Kāinga Ora/Housing NZ
4 Iwi, hapū, or Māori land trust
5 Other community housing provider
6 Other state-owned corporation or state-owned enterprise, or government department or ministry
9 Not elsewhere included

The classification for sector of landlord has changed for the 2023 Census. This is due to Housing New Zealand being replaced by a new housing entity called Kāinga Ora – Homes and Communities.

The level 1 residual category ‘Not elsewhere included’ contains the residual categories ‘Don’t know’, ‘Response unidentifiable’, and ‘Not stated’.

Follow the link above the table to examine the classification in more detail.

Standards and classifications has more information on what classifications are, how they are reviewed, where they are stored, and how to provide feedback on them.

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Question format

Sector of landlord data is collected on the dwelling form (question 7 paper form).

There were differences in the way a person could respond between the modes of collection (online and paper forms).

On the online form:

  • if the respondent indicated that they, or someone else who lived there, owned or partly owned the dwelling or held it in a family trust, the sector of landlord question was not displayed and so could not be answered
  • only one response could be selected for the sector of landlord question. If a further response was selected, the response given previously disappeared.

On the paper form:

  • it was possible for respondents to miss the routing and answer the sector of landlord question after indicating that they, or someone else who lived there, owned or partly owned the dwelling or held it in a family trust. (Note: Any responses to sector of landlord from households who were not renting their home are not included in the output data.)
  • multiple responses were possible. These were resolved via edits.

Data from the online forms may therefore be of higher overall quality than data from paper forms. However, processing checks and edits were in place to improve the quality of the paper form data.

Stats NZ Store House has samples for the individual and dwelling paper forms.

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Examples of how this data is used

Data-use outside Stats NZ:

  • to monitor and evaluate housing affordability and adequacy (in combination with weekly rent paid by household, number of rooms, and dwelling type)
  • to analyse housing outcomes by landlord type
  • to provide data on provision of housing by the government for the Housing Policy and Services Kaupapa Inquiry (Wai 2750)
  • to provide data on iwi and hapū rental dwellings to help inform Māori housing policy and initiatives
  • to measure shifts in government approaches to housing assistance and study the consequences of change.

Data-use by Stats NZ:

  • to analyse the characteristics of households renting through different landlords
  • to provide weighting information for rents in the consumers price index (CPI).
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Data sources

Alternative data sources were used for missing census responses, responses that could not be classified or did not provide the type of information asked for, and where responses were inconsistent with Kāinga Ora data. The table below shows the distribution of data sources for sector of landlord data.

Data sources for sector of landlord data, as a percentage of households in rented occupied private dwellings, 2023 Census
Source of sector of landlord data Percent
2023 Census response 78.0
Historical census 0.0
Admin data 13.8
Deterministic derivation 0.0
Statistical imputation 7.7
 CANCEIS(1) donor's response sourced from 2023 Census form 7.2
 CANCEIS donor's response sourced from admin data 0.5
No information 0.5
Total 100.0
1. CANCEIS = imputation based on CANadian Census Edit and Imputation System

Note: Due to rounding, individual figures may not always sum to the stated total(s) or score contributions.


The following admin data sources were used, listed in priority order:
  • Kāinga Ora
  • Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment.

If a response could not be found using any of these data sources, missing information was filled using statistical imputation.

To improve data quality, when Kāinga Ora data indicated that a dwelling was owned by Kāinga Ora, that data was prioritised over a census response that indicated a different landlord.

Editing, data sources, and imputation in the 2023 Census describes how data quality is improved by editing, and how missing and residual responses are filled with alternative data sources (admin data and historical census responses) or statistical imputation. The paper also describes the use of CANCEIS (the CANadian Census Editing and Imputation System), which is used to perform imputation. This webpage also contains a spreadsheet that provides additional detail on the admin data sources.

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Missing and residual responses

Missing and residual responses represent data gaps where respondents either did not provide answers (missing responses) or provided answers that were not valid (residual responses).

Where possible, alternative data sources have been used to fill missing and residual responses in the 2023 and 2018 Censuses.

Percentage of ‘Not stated’ for households in rented occupied private dwellings:

  • 2023: 0.5 percent
  • 2018: 0.2 percent
  • 2013: 1.0 percent

For output purposes, the residual category responses are grouped with ‘Not stated’ and are classified as ‘Not elsewhere included’.

Percentage of ‘Not elsewhere included’ for households in rented occupied private dwellings:

  • 2023: 0.6 percent
  • 2018: 0.2 percent
  • 2013: 6.3 percent
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Data quality processes

Overall quality rating: High

Data has been evaluated to assess whether it meets quality standards and is suitable for use.

Three quality metrics contribute to the overall quality rating:

  • data sources and coverage
  • consistency and coherence
  • accuracy of responses.

The lowest rated metric determines the overall quality rating.

Data quality assurance in the 2023 Census provides more information on the quality rating scale.

Data sources and coverage: High quality
The quality of all the data sources that contribute to the output for the variable were assessed. To calculate the data sources and coverage quality score for a variable, each data source is rated and multiplied by the proportion it contributes to the total output.

The rating for a valid census response is defined as 1.00. Ratings for other sources are the best estimates available of their quality relative to a census response. Each source that contributes to the output for that variable is then multiplied by the proportion it contributes to the total output. The total score then determines the metric rating according to the following range:

  • 0.98–1.00 = very high
  • 0.95–<0.98 = high
  • 0.90–<0.95 = moderate
  • 0.75–<0.90 = poor
  • <0.75 = very poor.

The majority of sector of landlord data was sourced from 2023 Census forms, and the quality of alternative data sources were high, resulting in a score of 0.96 leading to the quality rating of high.

Data sources and coverage rating calculation for sector of landlord data, for households in rented occupied private dwellings , 2023 Census
Source of sector of landlord data Rating Percent Score contribution
2023 Census response 1.00 78.03 0.78
Admin data 0.97 13.79 0.13
CANCEIS(1) nearest neighbour imputation 0.60 7.73 0.05
No information 0.00 0.46 0.00
Total 100.00 0.96
1. CANCEIS = imputation based on CANadian Census Edit and Imputation System
Note: Due to rounding, individual figures may not always sum to the stated total(s) or score contributions.

Consistency and coherence: High quality
Sector of landlord data is consistent with expectations across nearly all consistency checks, with some minor variation from expectations or benchmarks that makes sense due to real-world change, incorporation of other sources of data, or a change in how the variable has been collected.

There is an increase in the proportion of admin data used, particularly for ‘Kāinga Ora/Housing NZ’. There is also a slight reduction in the proportion of statistical imputation because its use was restricted to only 2 of 6 categories in 2023 (‘Private person, trust, or business’ and ‘Local authority or city council’). These factors underpin marginally lower than expected counts of households renting from community housing providers, and of iwi, hapū, or Māori land trust households.

The quality of the data for the Kāinga Ora category has been improved by making greater use of admin data. Although the previous name was included in brackets on the census form, some respondents may not have been aware of the name change or may not have seen the previous name in brackets, and so may not have answered correctly. Where there is a higher level of confidence in Kāinga Ora data, this has been used to replace the census response, resulting in greater use of admin data compared with the 2018 Census.

Accuracy of responses: High quality
Data has no data quality issues that have an observable effect on the data. The quality of coding is very high. Any issues with the variable appear in a very low number of cases (typically less than a hundred).

On paper forms, the proportion of ‘Don’t know’, ‘Response unidentifiable’, and ‘Not stated’ categories all increased slightly from 2018.

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Recommendations for use and further information

It is recommended that the sector of landlord data can be used in a comparable manner to the 2013 and 2018 Censuses.

When using this data, users should be aware that:

  • time series data for the categories ‘Iwi, hapū, or Māori land trust’ and ‘Other community housing provider’ should be viewed with some care due to changes in the use of statistical imputation.
  • statistical imputation was introduced for these categories in 2018, but they were not imputed in 2023.
  • Kāinga Ora data was used to identify dwellings under their ownership and prioritised over census responses that conflicted with their data. This change was made for the first time in 2023 Census.

Comparisons to other data sources
Although there are surveys and sources other than the census that collect sector of landlord data, users are advised to familiarise themselves with the strengths and limitations of the sources before use.

Key considerations when comparing sector of landlord information from the 2023 Census with other data sources include:

  • census is the only comprehensive source of information about sector of landlord data. Comparison with other data sources is limited due to variation in the definition of occupancy that determines the subject population. Census is unique in defining occupancy as a dwelling that is occupied on census night.
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Information by variables from previous censuses

To assess how this concept aligns with the variables from the previous censuses, use the links:

Contact our Information centre for further information about using this concept.



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Information

History

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Revision Date Responsibility Rationale
70 26/09/2024 10:00:58 AM