Variable Description
Sources of personal income identifies all the various sources from which a person aged 15 years and over received income in the 12 months ending 6 March 2018.
In the census it is generally only realistic to collect information on money income. This is income that a person can normally recall or can readily retrieve from their financial records. Money income is money flow from the deployment of one’s labour, entrepreneurial skills, and assets; and from transfers received. So, the concept of money income relies on identifying its sources.
Excluded are income in kind, unrealised income, and contingent income (contingent income depends on the unknown outcome of a course of action, for example, to sue). Excluded also is money received by borrowing, making withdrawals from savings, and receiving repayments of loan principal; and tax credits and reimbursements of expenses.
The sources of income are also available for each separate field in the classification eg as a 'yes' or 'no' response to 'Wages, salary, commissions, bonuses etc paid by my employer'.
See Ariā for the Census Sources of Personal Income Classification V3.0.0 classification.
en-NZQuality information for sources of personal income in the 2018 iwi affiliation estimated counts dataset
Quality rating: Moderate to poor quality
For many purposes, the 2018 iwi estimates provide a more relevant and up-to-date picture than continued use of 2013 Census iwi data. These iwi estimates are not official 2018 Census counts and the quality ranges from moderate to poor depending on how the data is used. It is difficult to understand changes occurring for an iwi over time for the population count as well as across characteristics due to differences between the 2018 and 2013 Censuses:
• Counts for the overall Māori descent population are substantially higher in 2018, reflecting improvements in the quality of Māori descent population counts in the 2018 Census as well as natural population change (births, deaths, migration). Māori descent – Information by Variable 2018 provides more information on the changes in the Māori descent population.
• Changes were made to the collection of iwi data in the 2018 Census, for example changes to the online form, and in 2017 there was a substantial review of the iwi classification with 32 iwi being added to the classification.
• There may also be a combination of real-world and methodological change at the characteristic level.
Producing estimates for the characteristics of an iwi is lower quality than we would expect from a census due to the high level of non-response. This is particularly the case when estimating the size of very small groups (e.g. <100).
The table below shows the contribution of data sources for the sources of personal income variable released in the 2018 iwi affiliation estimates counts dataset.
| Data sources for sources of personal income - 2018 iwi estimated counts population | |
|---|---|
| Source | Percent |
| 2018 Census response | 71.4 percent |
| 2013 Census response | 0.0 percent |
| Administrative data | 12.2 percent |
| Statistical imputation | 1.1 percent |
| No information | 0.2 percent |
| Weighting | 15.2 percent |
| Total | 100.0 percent |
| Due to rounding, individual figures may not always sum to the stated total(s) |
Please note that the percentage of data sourced from administrative data or statistical imputation varies across income sources.
Further information on the 2018 iwi affiliation estimated counts dataset
2018 Iwi affiliation estimated counts – DataInfo+ provides detailed information on the quality of the 2018 Iwi Affiliation Estimated Counts dataset.
Methodology for the 2018 iwi affiliation estimated counts provides detailed methodology for the 2018 iwi affiliation estimated counts.
Strengths and limitations of 2018 iwi affiliation estimated counts provides high level guidance on using the 2018 Iwi Affiliation Estimates Counts.
Iwi affiliation (estimated counts): 2018 data sources and quality by iwi provides estimated counts quality information by iwi.
Further information on the sources of personal income variable in the 2018 Census
Sources of personal income – Information by Variable (2018 Census) provides a more detailed summary of the differences between the 2013 Census and 2018 Census questionnaires and the quality of the 2018 Census sources of personal income counts. However, the quality rating provided in the 2018 document does not apply to the sources of personal income variable in the iwi estimated counts dataset.
2018 Census External Data Quality Panel: Assessment of variables provides quality information on sources of personal income and other variables measured in the 2018 Census.
Stats NZ Store House provides samples for both the 2018 individual and dwelling census paper forms.
Representation
Concept
Māori
en-NZ
