International Trade Statistics

Goods and Services Trade by Country statistics bring together imports and exports of both goods and services by country to present a comprehensive view of economic trade between New Zealand and our main trading partners.

The Overseas Merchandise Trade Prices and Volumes Indexes measure changes in the levels of prices and volumes of imports and exports of merchandise trade to and from New Zealand.

The Overseas Services Trade Price Indexes measure changes in the levels of prices of imports and exports of services trade to and from New Zealand.

The purpose of the International Trade Statistics release is to provide a quarterly snapshot of New Zealand's trade with the rest of the world. The overarching release combines the Overseas Trade Index and Goods and Services Trade by Country releases into a single release.

The Goods and Services Trade by Country release brings together imports and exports of goods and services, broken down by country, on a quarterly basis. It presents a comprehensive view of economic trade between New Zealand and our main trading partners. Potential uses of the data include trade negotiations (MFAT), weighting for the Trade-Weighted Index (TWI) by RBNZ and forecasting for the Balance of Payments and Gross Domestic Product releases by commercial banks, Treasury and RBNZ.

Overseas Trade Indexes provides statistical information on how import and export prices and volume levels have changed between time periods, i.e. quarterly and annually.

The Overseas Services Trade Price Indexes measure changes in the levels of prices of imports and exports of services trade between New Zealand and the rest of the world.

What the volume and prices indexes measure

The Overseas trade indexes are numerical series that indicate how a set of prices and volumes have changed between time periods. Each index measures changes in the level of prices or volumes rather than the actual prices or quantities. It is the change between two index numbers that is important. An individual index number has no meaning. The overseas services trade indexes measure changes in price levels of services to and from New Zealand each quarter.

Price and volume measurement involves decomposing transaction values (in current prices) into their price and volume components. In principle, the price components should include changes arising solely from price changes, while all other changes (relating to quantity, quality, and compositional changes) should be included in the volume components. Our aim is to analyse which changes in aggregates are due to price movements, and which to volume changes. This is 'constant price' measurement and implies the analysis of economic transactions valued at certain fixed prices.

Index coverage

The merchandise trade indexes include all commodities classified as merchandise trade, although the export indexes exclude re-exports, bunkering (re-fuelling the vessels), ships' stores, and passengers' effects.

The services indexes are based on the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA). The system establishes the range of services to be included in the indexes, and key practices we use to classify and process services data (eg the treatment of insurance).

Source of information – merchandise trade data

We derive the value and quantity data we use for calculating the merchandise price and volume indexes from Stats NZ's overseas merchandise trade (OMT) statistics. These statistics are processed from export and import entry documents lodged with the NZCS by exporters, importers, and their agents.

Because OMT statistics are provisional for the three most-recent months, we may amend them in the three months after initial publication.

We classify data using the Harmonised System (HS) 2022 classification — for processing the NZCS entries and publishing our overseas trade statistics. There are over 16,00 10-digit items in the HS classification.

See Harmonised System (HS) 2022 for more details.

We derive HS 10-digit item-by-country unit values from our OMT statistics. We calculate quarterly item-by-country unit values by dividing the total value of an HS item exported or imported during the quarter by the total quantity of the item exported or imported during the quarter.

For basic, homogeneous commodities not subject to ongoing quality change, unit values provide suitable indicators of price change. However, they are not good indicators of price change for heterogeneous goods (eg elaborately transformed goods, technically complex goods, or goods subject to rapid quality change). We selectively supplement unit values with prices collected directly from importers and exporters, and by international price indexes.

Source of information – service trade data

We derive the value data we use to calculate the weights in the service indexes from our balance of payments (BoP) data. Every year, we use new weights to calculate the services indexes from the September quarter onwards. These weights use BoP data for the year ended June.

Pricing information we use to calculate the indexes is collected from our Commodity Price Survey, which collects prices for approximately 10,000 individual items. A postal survey collects prices from about 2,000 respondents and is supplemented by prices gathered from international price indexes, generally each quarter (but sometimes annually). The price on the 15th day of the middle month of the quarter is used to measure domestic prices.

For the import services indexes, many prices come from international price indexes. Their collection depends on the frequency and timeliness of the indexes publication — if monthly, we use the middle month of the quarter; however, we may lag prices by a month or a quarter if the value for the relevant period is not available in time.

Basis of valuation - Merchandise trade

We calculate the merchandise export indexes using New Zealand-dollar (NZD) free on board (fob) values. Export fob values represent the actual or estimated transaction prices of goods, including costs incurred in delivering goods on board ships and aircraft at New Zealand export ports. We convert values given in foreign currencies into NZD, using the weekly exchange rates when the statistics are compiled. This means that any hedging will generally not be reflected in the OTI.

The merchandise import indexes use NZD value for duty (vfd) values which represent the value of goods excluding the cost of freight and insurance. The 2008 SNA recommends vfd for imports and is used in New Zealand's national accounts.

Merchandise import price and volume indexes are not directly affected by changes in the rates of duty payable on imported goods, as cif values do not include duty. We use exchange rates and trade weighted indexes (TWI) from both New Zealand Customs Service (NZCS) and Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) to value merchandise trade imports and exports, respectively.

NZCS exchange rates differ from the weekly exchange rates used to calculate merchandise export values. We convert import values from foreign currencies, using the rates the NZCS sets every two weeks. These exchange rates are prepared 11 days before the effective date (when the item was imported) and are then applied for two weeks. Therefore, there is a lag of 11 to 25 days between the NZCS exchange rates and those the Reserve Bank publishes. This means the NZCS exchange rate, and therefore the import prices, will be slower to show the effect of exchange-rate changes than the Reserve Bank rates and the export prices.

A table detailing the exchange rates used for merchandise trade can be found in table 6 of the OTI (prices) published tables.

Basis of valuation - Services trade

The services price indexes use NZD values for both exports and imports. Exchange rates we use to calculate the services indexes differ from those used for the merchandise indexes. Prices collected in foreign currencies are converted using the exchange rate supplied by Westpac Bank for the 15th day of the middle month of the quarter. The foreign currencies used in the services indexes include the US dollar, Australian dollar, Fijian dollar, Japanese yen, and the United Kingdom pound.

Index type and calculation - Merchandise trade

The merchandise index series is calculated using a multilateral method known as fixed-effects window-splicing (FEWS). FEWS combines the trade line information (merchandise trade data) such as description and company name to create a unique identifier (ID) for each product.

The FEWS index is calculated on the price change for each item, compared to itself over a given time frame (window). The FEWS method is calculated over nine quarters which accounts for items that have strong seasonal patterns.

The current quarter coefficient will join, or splice, on to the previous index to give a movement for the current quarter. This movement will be, in part, the pure price change, but will also include a ‘catch-up’ factor to maintain the index at the level it would have been if the series had been revised. Calculating on windows and chaining the index rather than just calculating over the whole time series allows for greater characteristicity, ie the current quarter estimate is less influenced by those in the distant past. The FEWS method is not locked into a fixed basket. The introduction of a new product is automatically and instantly considered in the current quarter calculation, avoiding bias from sample attrition and product churn in other calculation methods.

Index type and calculation - Service trade

The services indexes are an annually chain-linked Laspeyres price index series. We determine the weights by the relative importance of services and businesses within the service industry, using information from surveys, censuses, and other sources.

OTI (prices) for services use information from the Balance of Payments Manual, sixth edition (BPM6). These are reweighted in the September quarter of every year.

How we calculate the terms of trade

We calculate the merchandise terms of trade index as the ratio of the total export price index to the total import price index, which we present on an index reference period of the quarter ended June 2002 (=1000).

We calculate the services terms of trade index as the ratio of the total services export price index to the total services import price index, using the June 2014 quarter as the index reference period.

An index value above (or below) 1000 indicates that the terms of trade are more (or less) favourable than in the index reference period.

An increase in the terms of trade index indicates the real purchasing power of exports has increased, while a decrease indicates a drop in the purchasing power of exports.

Timing of published data

Merchandise trade provisional indexes are available within nine weeks of the end of the reference quarter. We release final indexes within 22 weeks of the end of the reference quarter. We publish the provisional (current quarter) merchandise price indexes with final (previous) merchandise price indexes. Previous quarter finalised data will incorporate more-recent information that may affect prices, volumes, values. We expect the difference to be small.

The services price indexes are published in the current quarter as final figures.

Imputation

There are three types of explicitly priced items:

Reliable unit values based on merchandise trade data prices collected directly from importers or exporters international price indexes used as price indicators. We impute prices for remaining items using price movements of items of a similar type that are more reliable indicators.

The overseas trade indexes are Fisher Ideal indexes. As Fisher Ideal indexes are calculated at the country grouping level (for the European Union (EU) and the 'Rest of World' (ZZ)), and the HS 10-digit item level for all countries, imputation occurs at up to four levels, as the table below shows.

Seasonally adjusted estimates - merchandise trade

We can split time series into trend, seasonal, and irregular components. Seasonal adjustment aims to eliminate the impact of regular seasonal events (eg lambing or harvesting) on time series. This makes the data for adjacent quarters more comparable. Trend estimation removes the seasonal and irregular components. Trend estimates reveal the underlying direction of movement in a series and are used to identify turning points.

We use the X-13-ARIMA-SEATS package to produce the seasonally adjusted and trend estimates referred to in the media release, key facts, commentary, and tables. We revise the most-recent seasonally adjusted and trend figures each quarter. This enables us to better estimate the seasonal component and remove it from the series. The largest revisions occur in the quarter before the current quarter.

How we calculate the unit values of imported cars

Calculating price movements for the main HS 10-digit item codes for cars differs from the calculation we use for other items in the OTI. We calculate used-car codes for the previous June quarter and current quarter prices, for each year of manufacture. The new car codes have prices calculated for each of the main makes of car recorded under the codes. We weight movements in these prices by the value of cars imported, for each year of manufacture (used cars) and make of car (new cars), to give Paasche, Laspeyres, and Fisher indexes at the HS 10-digit item-by-country level.

Directly surveyed prices

We collect prices directly from importers and exporters for selected goods that are imported or exported regularly, in the same form to the same or similar specification items may not have a specified unit of quantity, or may fall under an HS code with a heterogeneous description.

We began collecting these prices in 2002, through the commodity price survey (CPS) we use for the producers price index (PPI).

The process of adding to the pool of directly surveyed prices is an ongoing one and is part of the overseas merchandise trade index quality assurance programme.

International price indexes

We use international price indexes selectively as a proxy to measure price change faced by importers for goods that are irregularly imported (eg public transport equipment), imported to one-off specifications (eg telephonic and telegraphic apparatus), and for technically complex goods subject to rapid quality change (eg computer equipment). The US PPI is mainly used as a proxy, with some use of the US HS export price index. In both cases, monthly international price index numbers are converted to quarterly index numbers and then exchange-rate adjusted using the NZCS rates of exchange.

Consistency of broad economic categories with national accounts' classes

Broad economic categories (BECs) are arranged, as far as practicable, to align with the System of National Accounts’ three basic classes: capital goods, intermediate goods, and consumption goods. We categorise commodities in BECs by their main end use (eg all phones are treated as consumption goods even though some are used in business).

Contract indexation

Parties in commercial contracts use a range of our price indexes in their indexation clauses (also known as contract escalation clauses). An indexation clause provides an agreed procedure for adjusting an originally contracted price, to reflect changes in costs or prices during the life of the contract.

Contract Indexation: A Guide for Businesses provides information on the price indexes we produce and issues relating to their use in indexation clauses. The guide also outlines points to consider when preparing an indexation clause, and includes an example of the mechanics of a simple indexation formula.

International Trade in Goods

Stats NZ's quarterly international trade release presents New Zealand’s international trade in goods data at a total level only. Figures for this release use the Balance of Payments framework (BoP), unlike Stats NZ’s monthly overseas merchandise trade release, which measures imports and exports using International Merchandise Trade Statistics (IMTS) methodology. For more information about the IMTS methodology, see Overseas Merchandise Trade.

The BoP conceptual framework, used in the international trade release, is based on the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6). To present goods data according to this framework, several adjustments are made to the data.

• Timing adjustments – the time when a transaction occurred is adjusted to when goods changed ownership, instead of when the goods crossed the border (e.g. goods purchased in February that did not enter New Zealand until May would be recorded in the March quarter).

• Coverage adjustments – transactions not covered by the BoP framework are removed from goods data (e.g. the value of leased goods imported into New Zealand are removed from goods imports as no change of ownership has occurred).

• Classification adjustments – transactions covered under services in the BoP framework are removed from goods data (e.g. the cost of freight is removed from goods data as this is counted as a transportation service under BoP methodology).

These adjustments are only used when referring to total goods export or import values. At any level below the total level, such as when broken down by country or commodity, data is presented according to IMTS methodology.

Data sources: international trade in goods data is compiled by Stats NZ from export and import entry documents lodged with New Zealand Customs Service (NZCS).

International Trade in Services

The purpose of international trade in services is to measure services transactions between residents and non-residents of New Zealand. For trade in services, the Balance of Payments definition of residency is used according to the Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6).

Trade in Services Categories

Services are split into eleven categories. The following sections describe each category, its data sources, and the compilation methods used by Stats NZ. Further detail about what is included or excluded in each service category can be found in the BPM6.

Maintenance and repair services (not included elsewhere)

This category includes maintenance and repair work by residents on goods owned by non-residents and vice versa. The value of maintenance and repairs includes materials or parts supplied by the repairer and included in the service charge.

Examples of maintenance and repair services (not included elsewhere) include:

• a New Zealand airline contracting an Australian company to repair an aircraft engine (import/debit)

• a New Zealand company performing ship repairs for a European shipping company (export/credit).

Some maintenance and repair activities are included in other service categories, including:

• construction repairs and maintenance – included in construction services

• computer maintenance and repair – included in either telecommunication services or computer and information services

• cleaning of transport equipment – included in transport services.

Transportation services

Transportation services include the transport of people and cargo across borders.

Transport is split into:

• sea transport and air transport - these are further broken down into passenger transport, freight, and other transport services (e.g. cargo handling and warehousing fees).

• postal and courier services.

Examples of transportation services include:

• freight charges for items shipped to New Zealand by a company in the US (import/debit)

• airfares purchased by non-New Zealand residents for a New Zealand airline (export/credit).

Travel services

Travel services include the value of goods and services purchased by a person when they are visiting another country. Travel expenditure is the largest component of both services exports and imports.

Travel is different to other service categories as it is defined by the person travelling rather than the specific activity or product. A person is counted as a visitor to another country if they stay for less than one year. Students are an exception to this one-year limit – they are recorded within this estimate regardless of their length of stay. Travel services are split between business and personal travel. The expenditure of each person is allocated to a single category, based on their main reason for travel.

Business-related travel includes goods and services acquired for personal use by persons whose primary purpose of travel is for business.

We break down personal travel into education-related travel and other personal travel:

• Education-related travel covers all expenditure by international students - this includes spending on tuition fees and living expenses.

• Other personal travel includes people travelling for reasons such as holidays, cultural activities, and visiting family and friends. In New Zealand, other personal travel is by far the largest component of both travel services exports and imports.

Examples of travel services include:

• a Japanese resident travelling to New Zealand for a holiday and working remotely part of the time. All expenditure by this individual is included in other personal travel (credits/exports) as their holiday is the main purpose of their travel.

• a New Zealand resident travelling to Australia to study at an Australian university and visiting family at the same time. All travel expenditure by this individual would be included in education-related travel (debits/imports) as education is the main purpose of travel.

Measures of tourism are broader than trade in travel services – for more information about tourism, see the Tourism Satellite Account.

Construction services

Construction services cover the creation, renovation and repair of fixed assets such as buildings and roads. Most construction projects run by overseas businesses in New Zealand are required to register as a New Zealand business. Expenses of such projects are not counted as cross-border trade.

An example of construction services would be an Australian company contracted to repair buildings in New Zealand (import/debit).

Insurance and pension services

This service category is made up of cross-border insurance and pension transactions. Specialised large-value service charges such as reinsurance make up a large part of insurance and pension services debits.

An example of an insurance and pension service would be a New Zealand insurance company purchasing reinsurance from an Australian insurance company (debit/import).

Financial services

Financial services cover financial intermediary and auxiliary services, excluding those covered by insurance and pension fund services. The Financial services category is mostly made up of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)

Examples of financial services include:

• a New Zealand bank charging a service fee on a loan to an Australian company (credit/export)

• an American company charging a transaction fee to a New Zealand company who is buying shares on a stock exchange (debit/import).

Charges for the use of intellectual property (not included elsewhere)

This category includes charges for the use of proprietary rights (such as copyrights) and licenses to distribute intellectual property (such as software licenses).

Examples of charges for the use of intellectual property (not included elsewhere) include:

• a New Zealand company selling software licenses for their business software to companies in Europe (exports/credits)

• a New Zealand cinema chain purchasing the right to screen a film produced in the United States (imports/debits).

This service category does not include the cost of producing films, recordings, and so forth. These services are included in personal, cultural and recreation services.

Telecommunications, computer and information services

This service category contains two broad subcategories, including telecommunication services and computer and information services.

Telecommunication services include the cost of broadcast or transmission of information, such as radio and television. It also includes online access services and mobile phone services.

Computer and information services consist of hardware, software and data-processing services, such as:

• the development and sale of customised software

• installation, maintenance and repair of hardware

• data processing services.

Examples of telecommunication, computer and information services are:

• a New Zealand consultancy providing customised forestry software to an Australian company (credit/export)

• a New Zealand phone service provider paying an American mobile network to provide international phone service to their customers (debit/import).

Charges for licenses to reproduce or distribute software are excluded from this services category. These are included in charges for the use of intellectual property.

Other business services

The other business services category contains many residual activities, including:

• technical services, such as architectural, engineering, mining, and agricultural services

• professional and management consulting services

• research and development services

• waste treatment services

• operational leasing, such as hire fees for mining equipment leased to a New Zealand company.

Personal, cultural, and recreational services

This services category is split into two sub-categories: audio-visual services and other personal, cultural, and recreational services.

Audio-visual and related services include services and fees associated with film production, radio, television programs and music recordings.

Other personal, cultural, and recreation services include services relating to other sporting, education, cultural and recreational activities (excluding those included in travel services).

Examples of personal, cultural, and recreation services include:

• New Zealanders purchasing subscriptions to an American streaming service (debit/import)

• a film being produced overseas hiring a New Zealand production studio for film production services.

Government services (not included elsewhere)

Government services include services supplied to and from governments, embassies, military bases, and international organisations that are not included in other services categories.

A common example of government services is expenditure by embassies. Any expenses that a New Zealand embassy incurs abroad are treated as imports of government services, while expenses incurred by foreign embassies in New Zealand are treated as exports of government services.

International Standards

Stats NZ compiles international trade in goods and services based on the following international frameworks:

• The International Monetary fund Balance of Payments and Internation Investment Position Manual, sixth edition (BPM6).

• System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA).

• Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 2010 (MSITS 2010).

• International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions 2010 (IMTS 2010).

International Trade in Services

Services data is sourced from a combination of surveys, administrative data, and data models.

The main surveys that provide data for international trade in services are:

• International Trade in Services and Royalties Survey (ITSS) – a quarterly sample survey that is the primary source for commercial services data.

• Quarterly International Investment Survey (QIIS) – a sample survey that is the main source of data on primary income, financial account flows, and the stock of overseas assets and liabilities.

• Transportation surveys – quarterly full-coverage surveys that measure transactions relating to transportation services such as passenger airfares and port expenses.

Surveys conducted by other organisations – we use data from other organisations that operate surveys that are relevant to our data needs. For example:

• International Visitor Survey – run by a marketing company for the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The data is used to estimate exports of travel services.

Administrative data – examples of these sources include:

• passenger arrival and departure data from Immigration New Zealand

• New Zealand Customs Service records of imports and exports published in the overseas merchandise trade (OMT) statistics

• GST on remote services registration data from Inland Revenue.

Data sources by service category

Maintenance and repair services (not included elsewhere)

This category of services data comes from the ITSS and quarterly Transport Surveys.

Transportation services

This category of services data comes from several data sources:

• Quarterly Transport Surveys

• Postal and courier services data is collected within the NZ Post response to the ITSS.

• Merchandise trade (OMT) statistics.

Exports of transportation services are estimated by adding together data from passenger, freight, and other transportation services.

• Passenger transportation services data is provided by airlines based in countries where tickets were sold.

• Freight services are estimated using merchandise trade data – the importer pays the freight on goods ordered, so freight is proportionally assigned to countries importing goods from New Zealand.

• Other transportation services exports are based on data from non-resident airlines and shipping companies that incur expenses (such as landing rights or port fees) while in New Zealand. This data is collected through our quarterly transportation surveys.

Imports of transportation services are estimated in a similar way to exports, by adding separately estimated data from passenger, freight, and other transportation services.

• Passenger transportation services are estimated based on the country where the airline transporting passengers is a resident. For example, any tickets purchased for flights on an Australian airline by New Zealand residents are considered imports of passenger transportation services from Australia.

• Freight services are estimated using merchandise trade data – freight expenditure is proportionally allocated based on the country that goods are imported from.

• Other transportation services imports come from quarterly transportation surveys of resident airlines and shipping companies.

Travel services

Trade in travel services estimates are modelled using several different data sources. A brief description of the compilation of travel services estimates for each of the subcategories of travel is described below.

Travel credits (exports of travel services) for business and other personal travel are estimated separately to travel exports for education-related travel. Travel credits has two data sources:

• Immigration New Zealand (INZ) provides arrival and departure data.

• The International Visitors Survey (IVS) is an online survey of departing travellers, which includes reported expenditure during travel.

The model for travel credits combines non-resident arrivals data (from INZ) and reported spending by travelers while in New Zealand (from the IVS).

Education-related travel credits are estimated using student visa numbers from INZ and student numbers by country data from the Ministry of Education's Export Education Levy.

Travel debits (imports of travel services) for business and other personal travel are estimated using a model based that uses the following data sources:

• Credit card expenditure data from the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ)

• Resident departure numbers from INZ migration data

• Data from Stats NZ’s 2004 Survey of Returned Travellers.

Education-related travel debits are also estimated separately to the rest of the travel debits category. This estimate is modelled using resident arrival numbers and travel purpose and spend estimates from a variety of published official statistics.

Construction services

This category of services data comes from the ITSS.

Insurance and pension services

This service category is estimated in two parts – freight insurance and regular non-life insurance.

• Freight insurance is estimated in a similar way to freight transportation services. The importer of a good will typically pay the freight and insurance costs associated with that good, so freight insurance services by country are allocated according to proportions of imports/exports by country from merchandise trade data.

• Non-life insurance is collected by country in our quarterly insurance surveys.

Financial services

Financial services that are explicitly measured come from the quarterly ITSS. The rest of this category is made up of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM), which is compiled using data from RBNZ and the Quarterly International Investment Survey (QIIS).

Government services

Government services estimated by country using foreign embassy locations, as well as long-term migration figures.

• Any expenses that a New Zealand embassy incurs abroad are treated as imports of government services, while expenses incurred by foreign embassies in New Zealand are treated as exports of government services.

• Immigration fees received by the government are allocated to countries based on the number of long-term migrants arriving from each country.

The final four service categories use data from the International Trade in Services and Royalties Survey (ITSS) , combined with GST on remote services registration data from Inland Revenue:

• Charges for the use of intellectual property (not included elsewhere).

• Telecommunications, computer and information services.

• Other business services.

• Personal, cultural, and recreational services.

Updates to previously published figures

The figures in this release are subject to revision when new data becomes available, and when methodology is improved to ensure the accuracy of our statistics. Each year, we make updates to include both new data, and methodological improvements. Estimates for non-surveyed and undercounted areas are determined every year.

Confidentiality and accessing the data

In accordance with the Data and Statistics Act 2022, Statistics New Zealand aims to prevent disclosure of information in a form that could reasonably be expected to identify any individual or organisation. However, Section 39, sub-section 2 (e) allows for an exception to the normal practices of statistical confidentiality as it applies to external trade data. In the case of goods data, we have a long-standing practice of applying a less restrictive form of confidentialisation of data based on active requests for suppression by affected businesses. More information about this can be found at https://www.stats.govt.nz/about-us/legislation-policies-and-guidelines/trade-confidentiality.

Services data follows the standard application of confidentiality employed throughout Statistics New Zealand.

More information

Statistics in this release have been produced in accordance with the Official Statistics System principles and protocols for producers of Tier 1 statistics for quality. They conform to the Statistics NZ Methodological Standard for Reporting of Data Quality.

Liability

While all care and diligence has been used in processing, analysing, and extracting data and information in this publication, we give no warranty it is error-free and will not be liable for any loss or damage suffered by the use directly, or indirectly, of the information in this publication.

Timing

Our information releases are delivered electronically by third parties. Delivery may be delayed by circumstances outside our control. Statistics NZ does not accept responsibility for any such delay.